ωagatoxin  (Alomone Labs)

Journal: Frontiers in molecular neuroscience

Article Title: Concurrent imaging of synaptic vesicle recycling and calcium dynamics.

doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00034

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 3 | Imaging of VGLUT1-2xmOr2 and SyCaMP3 during exocytosis. The average time course of changes in fluorescence intensity at boutons expressing both (A) SyGCaMP3 and (B) VGLUT1-2XmOr2 in the absence (green, red) and presence (blue, black) of agatoxin and conotoxin during and after stimulation at 40 Hz for 30 s. The increase in fluorescence produced by 40 Hz stimulation in the presence of bafilomycin is shown here corrected for the rate of fluorescence increase produced by the drug in the absence of stimulation (Sankaranarayanan and Ryan, 2000; Voglmaier et al., 2006). In the presence of the P/Q- and N-type Ca2+ channel blockers, ω-agatoxin TK (300 nM), and ω-conotoxin GVIA (1 μM), the peak fluorescence of both VGLUT1-2XmOr2 (black) and SyGCaMP3 (blue) is decreased. Data are means ± SEM of the change in fluorescence (ΔF) normalized to initial fluorescence over at least 30 boutons per coverslip from 7 to 12 coverslips and at least three independent cultures.

Article Snippet: CPP, CNQX, and ωagatoxin TK were purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MO, USA).

Techniques: Imaging, Expressing, Produced

Journal: Frontiers in molecular neuroscience

Article Title: Concurrent imaging of synaptic vesicle recycling and calcium dynamics.

doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00034

Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 4 | No effect of P/Q- and N-type calcium channel inhibition on endocytosis. (A) The time course of changes in average fluorescence intensity of boutons expressing both SyGCaMP3 in the absence (green) and presence (blue) of agatoxin and conotoxin during and after stimulation at 40 Hz for 30 s. Calcium channel blockers reduce calcium levels but do not affect the decay of SyGCaMP3 fluorescence. (B) Time course of fluorescence changes of VGLUT1-2XmOr2 in the absence (red) and presence (black) of the channel blockers. The rate of VGLUT1-2XmOr2 endocytosis is also not changed by addition of P/Q- and N-type calcium channel blockers. Data are means ± SEM of the change in fluorescence (ΔF) normalized to initial fluorescence over at least 30 boutons per coverslip from 7 to 12 coverslips and at least three independent cultures.

Article Snippet: CPP, CNQX, and ωagatoxin TK were purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MO, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing